钠离子电池由于其成本低、工作温度范围广、环境友好、理论容量高等优点，是最有潜力代替锂离子电池的下一代电池，尤其是动力电池方面的应用前景开阔。然而，由于锂离子电池中的石墨负极在钠离子电池中不适合使用，需要开发新型负极材料。目前钠离子电池负极材料的研究方向主要有碳基材料、合金基材料、转化型材料等。碳基材料由于层间距小于钠离子电池嵌入能量阈值，不适合用作钠离子电池负极。基于转化反应的转化型材料中硫化亚铁和硫化亚锡是两种极具发展潜力的金属硫化物负极材料。硫化亚铁和硫化亚锡具有廉价易得、比容量高的优点，但是存在充放电过程中体积变化大、导电率低等问题，阻碍了硫化亚铁和硫化亚锡的实际应用。研究表明设计纳米化结构和进行碳包覆能有效解决以上问题。在本论文中，采用单步硫化法，以Fe(salen)和Sn(salen)配合物为前驱体，成功制备了金属硫化物（FeS、SnS）与碳材料的纳米复合材料。为了解决这些材料自身存在的缺陷，设计新型纳米结构来提高电化学性能。主要研究内容与结论如下：

(1) 本文中采用溶剂热法以H₂(salen) 和FeCl₃制备了Fe(salen) 配合物，利用硫粉对Fe(salen) 配合物经煅烧进行直接硫化，单步合成出硫化亚铁纳米颗粒均匀地嵌入在氮掺杂碳中的纳米复合材料 (FeS/C-N)，方法简便且形貌可调控。这种独特结构可缓冲硫化亚铁的储钠体积膨胀、促进钠离子扩散、并能提高电化学反应活性，在保持硫化亚铁高储钠容量的同时电化学循环稳定性大大增强。通过调节其直接硫化时的煅烧温度，制备了500-FeS/C-N、600-FeS/C-N、700-FeS/C-N和800-FeS/C-N纳米复合材料等。通过表征分析其结构、组分和形貌，其中700-FeS/C-N纳米复合材料中不仅硫化亚铁颗粒大小统一，在氮掺杂碳中的颗粒分布也是相对最均匀。经电化学性能测试分析这些复合材料作为钠离子电池负极材料的应用潜力，用于钠离子电池负极，700-FeS/C-N纳米复合材料在100 mA g⁻¹电流密度下，表现出616.0 mAh g⁻¹的初始放电容量和67.2%的初始库伦效率。经过200次循环后仍然保持439.3/435.2 mAh g⁻¹的高放/充电比容量。在200和500 mA g⁻¹电流密度下，经过200次循环后其放/充电容量为411.0/405.2和353.6/349.8 mAh g⁻¹。在电流密度从50 mA g⁻¹倍增至3200 mA g⁻¹再返回50 mA g⁻¹的倍率性能测试中表现出优异的倍率性能，尤其是在3200 mA g⁻¹的电流密度下的放电容量为279.6 mAh g⁻¹。

(2) 采用相同方法以H₂(salen) 和SnCl₂制备了Sn(salen) 配合物，利用硫粉与Sn(salen)配合物经煅烧进行直接硫化，单步合成出硫化亚锡纳米颗粒均匀地嵌入在氮掺杂碳中的纳米复合材料 (SnS/C-N)，通过调节其直接硫化时的煅烧温度，制备了500-SnS/C-N、600-SnS/C-N和700-SnS/C-N纳米复合材料等。其中，700-SnS/C-N复合材料中硫化亚锡纳米颗粒在氮掺杂碳中分散均匀且被良好的包覆。用作钠离子电池负极时，700-SnS/C-N在100 mA g⁻¹电流密度下表现出659.2/453.4 mAh g⁻¹的初始放/充电容量，68.8%的初始库伦效率，在250圈循环之后的放/充电容量分别为346.4/345.6 mAh g⁻¹。在500 mA g⁻¹电流密度下经过500次循环后其放/充电容量为266.2/265.4 mAh g⁻¹。

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered the next-generation battery technology with the potential to replace lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their advantages such as low cost, wide operating temperature range, environmental friendliness, and high theoretical capacity, especially for applications in power batteries. However, the current drawback lies in the unsuitability of graphite, used in lithium-ion battery anodes, for sodium-ion batteries, necessitating the development of new anode materials. Currently, research on SIBs anode materials primarily focuses on carbon-based materials, alloy-based materials, and conversion-type materials. Carbon-based materials, due to their interlayer spacing being smaller than the sodium-ion insertion energy threshold, are not suitable for SIB anodes. Among conversion-type materials based on transformation reactions, iron sulfide (FeS) and tin sulfide (SnS) are two highly promising metal sulfide anode materials due to their low cost, high specific capacity, yet they face challenges such as large volume changes and low electrical conductivity during charge-discharge processes, hindering their practical applications. Research has shown that designing nanostructured materials and employing carbon coating can effectively address these issues. In this study, nano-composite materials of metal sulfides (FeS and SnS) embedded in carbon were successfully synthesized using a single-step sulfidation method, with Fe(salen) and Sn(salen) complexes as precursors. To enhance electrochemical performance and overcome inherent material limitations, novel nanostructures were designed. The main research findings and conclusions are summarized as follows:

In this paper, FeS/C-N nano-composites were synthesized by direct sulfidation of Fe(salen) complexes using sulfur powder via a solvothermal method. This method yielded FeS nanoparticles uniformly embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon (FeS/C-N). The method is simple and allows for adjustable morphology and carbon structure. This unique structure buffers the sodium storage volume expansion of FeS, promotes sodium ion diffusion, and enhances electrochemical reaction activity, significantly improving both high sodium storage capacity and cycle stability. By adjusting the calcination temperature during direct sulfidation, nano-composite materials such as 500-FeS/C-N, 600-FeS/C-N, 700-FeS/C-N, and 800-FeS/C-N were prepared. Structural and morphological characterization confirmed that 700-FeS/C-N exhibited the most uniform distribution of FeS particles within nitrogen-doped carbon. Electrochemical performance testing demonstrated that as a negative electrode material for SIBs, 700-FeS/C-N nano-composites delivered an initial discharge capacity of 616.0 mAh g⁻¹ and an initial Coulombic efficiency of 67.2% at a current density of 100 mA g⁻¹. Even after 200 cycles, they maintained a high discharge/charge capacity of 439.3/435.2 mAh g⁻¹. At current densities of 200 and 500 mA g⁻¹, after 200 cycles, discharge/charge capacities were 411.0/405.2 and 353.6/349.8 mAh g⁻¹, respectively. Excellent rate performance was demonstrated in rate capability tests, particularly at a current density of 3200 mA g⁻¹, where the discharge capacity was 279.6 mAh g⁻¹.

SnS/C-N nano-composites were synthesized by direct sulfidation of Sn(salen) complexes using sulfur powder via the same method. This yielded SnS nanoparticles uniformly embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon (SnS/C-N). By adjusting the calcination temperature during direct sulfidation, nano-composite materials such as 500-SnS/C-N, 600-SnS/C-N, and 700-FeS/C-N were prepared. In 700-SnS/C-N composite materials, tin sulfide nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in nitrogen-doped carbon and well encapsulated. As a negative electrode material for SIBs, 700-SnS/C-N exhibited an initial discharge/charge capacity of 659.2/453.4 mAh g⁻¹ and an initial Coulombic efficiency of 68.8% at a current density of 100 mA g⁻¹. After 250 cycles, the discharge/charge capacities were 346.4/345.6 mAh g⁻¹. At a current density of 500 mA g⁻¹, after 500 cycles, the discharge/charge capacities were 266.2/265.4 mAh g⁻¹.

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