摘 要

进入19世纪中后期，随着西方资本主义列强的到来，东北亚局势跌若起伏，西势东渐的局面也渐渐形成。东西方两种不同文化相碰撞使得中国在东亚的优势地位逐渐丧失。日本自明治维新以来，通过效仿西方先进制度成为东亚第一个近代资本主义国家，并利用近代外交手段企图通过条约的法律约束力来争取其在东亚的领导地位。1871年9月19日《中日修好条规》和1876年2月26日《朝日修好条规》就是日本学习并利用近代国际法体制来实现对外侵略扩张的两次实例。《中日修好条规》使日本与中国建立近代国家关系，并在东亚区域取得与中国同等地位。《朝日修好条规》则向朝鲜强加近代不平等条约制度并打开其国门，并且实质地冲击了长久以来中朝间的宗藩关系。朝日条约同时也成为了中朝日三国近代时期关系史的开端，中日两国在朝鲜半岛对于朝鲜问题的矛盾冲突开始且不断升级。日本企图夺取中国在东亚地区的优势地位，不断挑衅中国的宗主权，而中国则就中朝宗属问题不断调整对朝政策。此时的朝鲜处于社会转型期，军事方面新旧军队发生冲突所引发的“壬午兵变”以及思想方面开化派与保守派间对峙所引发的“甲申政变”都对朝鲜的转型造成了深远的影响，以上都是中日两国在朝鲜对抗的体现。最终，中日在朝鲜半岛的矛盾激化导致甲午战争爆发，清政府的战败和《马关条约》的签订使日本的自信心更加膨胀，日本成为近代东亚地区全新的强势力量。如此一来，日本的实力与地位逐渐上升，而中国与朝鲜则慢慢走向衰败。清朝的落后使其在东亚失去了主导权，此后不久，朝鲜更是成为了日本的囊中之物，近代东亚的国际秩序发生了根本变化，传统宗藩体制被近代条约体制取而代之。近代东亚地区新的政治格局也就此基本形成。

关键词：宗藩体制；条约体制；《中日修好条规》；《朝日修好条规》

 

Abstract

In the middle and late 19th century, with the arrival of western capitalist powers, the situation in Northeast Asia has been ups and downs, and the situation of the gradual development of the West has gradually formed. The collision of two different cultures in the East and the West caused the gradual loss of China’s dominant position in East Asia. Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has become the first modern capitalist country in East Asia by emulating the Western advanced system, and has used modern diplomatic means to try to win its leading position in East Asia through the legal binding force of the treaty. "China-Japan Amendments to Good Regulations" and "Affluent Amendments to Regulations" are two examples of Japan's study and use of the modern international legal system to achieve foreign aggression and expansion. The "Sino-Japanese Rules for Rehabilitation" enabled Japan and China to establish modern state relations, and achieved the same status as China in the East Asia region. The "Abolishing the Rules of the Asahi" imposed a modern unfair treaty system to North Korea and opened its doors to the country. Since the Sino-North Korean relations of ancestry. The Asahi treaty also became the beginning of the history of the relations between the three countries of China, the DPRK, and Japan. The contradictions and conflicts between the two countries on the Korean Peninsula in the Korean Peninsula began and constantly escalated. Japan’s attempt to seize China’s dominant position in the East Asian region continues to provoke China’s patriarchal sovereignty, while China continues to adjust its policy toward the DPRK. At this time, North Korea was in a period of social transformation. The "Midnight War of Mutiny" triggered by the conflict between old and new military forces in the military, and the "Gap Coup" triggered by the confrontation between the ideological liberalization and conservatives have caused far-reaching changes in North Korea. The above influence is also a reflection of the Sino-Japanese confrontation in North Korea. In the end, the Sino-Japanese intensification of the conflict on the Korean Peninsula led to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War. The defeat of the Qing government and the signing of the "Shimonoseki Treaty" made Japan's self-confidence more inflated, and Japan became a new and powerful force in modern East Asia. As a result, Japan’s strength and status have gradually increased, while China and North Korea have slowly declined. The backwardness of the Qing dynasty caused it to lose its dominant position in East Asia. Shortly thereafter, North Korea became a capsule in Japan. In modern times, the international order in East Asia changed radically, and the traditional ancestral shrine system was replaced by the modern treaty system. The new political structure in modern East Asia has also basically taken shape.

Key words : Ancestral hall system; treaty system; "Sino-Japanese repaired regulations"; "Afghan repairing regulations"

参考文献

一、文献类
[1]中央研究院近代史研究所编.清季中日韩关系史料[M].台北:中央研究院近代史研究所,1972年版.
[2]吴晗.朝鲜李朝实录中的中国史料[M].北京:中华书局,1980年版.
[3]北京故宫博物院编.清光绪朝中日交涉史料[M].1988.
[4]李鸿章全集[M]
[5]韩国.朝鲜王朝实录[M]
[6]日本外交文书[M]
二、著作类
中国：
[1]王芸生.六十年来中国与日本[M].商务印书馆,1951.
[2]王铁崖.中外旧章约汇编[M].三联书店,1957年.
[3]曹丕.近代东北亚国际关系史研究[M].东北师范大学出版社,1992.
[4]曹中屏.韩国近代史[M].天津：天津大学出版社,1993.
[5]徐万民.中韩关系史（近代卷）[M].社会科学文献出版社,1994.
[6]金光洙,金龟春.朝鲜通史[M].延边大学出版社,1997.
[7]王如绘.近代中日关系与朝鲜问题[M].人民出版社,1997.
[8]张声振.中日关系史（卷一)[M].吉林文史出版社,1997.
[9]王晓波.近代中日关系史[M].中国社会科学,1997.
[10]姜龙范,方民镐,孟庆义.中朝日关系史（下）[M].黑龙江民族出版社,2000.
[11]米庆余.近代日本的东亚战略和政策[M].人民出版社,2007.
[12]戚其章.国际法视角下的甲午战争[M].人民出版社,2009.
[13]方民镐.李鸿章对朝政策研究[M].延边大学出版社.2013.
[14]彭泽洲.明治初期日清韩关系研究[M].
日本：
[1]井上清.日本帝国主义的形成[M].商务印书馆,1985.
[2]井上清.日本军国主义[M].商务印书馆，1980.
[3]信夫清三郎.日本外交史[M].商务印书馆,1980.
[4]升味准之辅.日本政治史[M].商务印书馆,1997.
[5]依田憙家.近代日本的历史问题[M].上海远东出版社,2004.
三、论文类
[1]才晓.1876年朝日江华条约的主要内容及其对朝鲜的影响如何?[J].历史教学,1965.
[2]王魁喜.近代中日关系的开端——从一八七一年《中日修好条规》谈起[J]. 东北师大学报,1981.
[3]南昌龙.《江华条约》的实质[J].外国问题研究,1983.
[4]金龟春.江华岛事件真相[J].东北师大学报,1994.
[5]殷敦新.从琉球群岛的丧失看清政府的外交策略[J].镇江师专学报(社会科学版),1994.
[6]戚其章.《南京条约》与中国近代化的启动[J].东岳论丛,1997.
[7]刘世华.李鸿章与《中日修好条规》的签订[J].社会科学战线,1997.
[8]陈潮.明清之季中韩宗藩关系探索[J].学术论坛,1997
[9]王如绘.《江华条约》与清政府[J]. 历史研究,1997.
[10]王如绘.《江华条约》与日本大陆政策的实施[J].抗日战争研究,1999.
[11]张京梅.《朝美通商条约》的签订及其对中朝日关系的影响[J].延边大学学报(社会科学版),2002
[12]张景全.1874年日本入侵台湾对日本外交的影响[J].日本研究，2003.
[13]安善花.中朝日近代世界秩序观的形成与外交取向比较研究[J].日本学论坛,2006.
[14]刘玉国. 国际法与晚清中国外交[D].河北师范大学,2006.
[15]常乐.朝日《江华岛条约》签订与清政府“劝告”质疑[D].延边大学,2006.
[16]权赫秀.《江华条约》与清政府关系问题新论--兼与王如绘先生商榷[C].史学集刊,2007.
[17]张晓刚,韩英.近代韩国开港缘起考——以韩日交涉为中心[J].历史教学(高校版),2008.
[18]刘晓敏.李鸿章的劝导和1882年《朝美条约》的签订[D].延边大学,2009.
[19]孙洛丹.外交文本修辞的背后——中日《修好条规》考论[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010.
[20]李涛. 从《江华岛条约》签订窥探中、朝、日三国关系变化[J]. 延边教育学院学报,2010.
[21]张明之.从朝贡体系到条 约通商:近代中国对外贸易形态的变迁——鸦片战争170周年反思[J].南京政治学院学报,2010.
[22]王元周.朝鲜开港前中朝宗藩体制的变化——以《燕行录》为中心的考察[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2011.
[23]王益书.《中日修好条规》再探讨[D].东北师范大学,2011.
[24]李晶.国际法视野下的近代不平等条约效力及影响分析[D].吉林大学,2011.
[25]王希亮.略论甲午战争前中日修好条规的签订及其波折[A].中国中日关系史研究.2012.
[26]柳明花.从申櫶的《沁行日记》再议《江华岛条约》[D].延边大学,2013.
[27]赵佳锴.近代中朝两国开港条约的比较研究[D].延边大学,2013.
[28]张岩,黄定天.试论《中日修好条规》的不平等性[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2013.
[29]廖敏淑.《中日修好条规》与甲午战争——以修约交涉为中心[J].抗日战争研究,2014.
[30]魏志江.宗藩体制:东亚传统国际安全体制析论[J].现代国际关系,2014.
[31]王家耀.从《中德通商条约》到《中日修好条规》[D].中国政法大学,2014.
[32]周国瑞.清光绪年间朝鲜平壤开港问题研究(1882～1894年)[J].历史教学,2015.
[33]张晓刚,国宇.明治时期日本对朝“外交革新”及其对中朝宗藩关系的冲击[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2015.
[34]崔思朋.鼎盛与危机:明清东亚宗藩体系嬗变[J].贵州文史丛刊,2015.
[35]韩东育.日本拆解“宗藩体系”的整体设计与虚实进路——对《中日修好条规》的再认识[J].近代史研究,2016.
[36]尤淑君.从《中朝商民水陆通商章程》论晚清宗藩体制之争议[J].中国边疆史地研究,2016.